TKomM^        stp 


T  HE_J) }  •  ^^  R  T .  O  P  M  F.  N  T 


Golden  Gate  Park 


I'he  Management  and  Thinning  ot  Its 
Forest  Tree   Plantations. 


\    ^  I'  \  I  1.  \  1  i"  \ 


BOARD   OHi  PARI^    COMMISSIONERS. 


oixal 
ity 


WW.    HAM.  HALL,  CoNSUi.iiXG  Civii,  EN(a.'^KK, 

F'REI).   LAW  OLMSTF.D.   Landscape  Ak< 

I  ( )  1 1  \  McLaren  ;  vrdfnkr. 


iMi'.NNY,   Book  and  )o\:   \'\<\\  i  \  k--. 

orner  Clay  and  Sansome  Streets. 

iSSn. 


1 

AA  UMUUIV  BIMLDING 


J 


THE    DEVELOPMENT 


OF 


Golden  Gate  Park 


AND    PARTICULARLY 


The  Management  and  Thinning  of  Its 
Forest  Tree   Plantations. 


A     STATEMENT 


FROM    THE 


BOARD    OF    PARK    COMMISSIONERS, 


TOGETHER   WITH    REI'ORTS    FROM    MESSRS 


WM.  HAM.  HALL,  Consulting  Civil  Engineer, 

FRED.  LAW  OLMSTED,  Landscape  Architect,  and 

JOHN  McLaren,  landscape  Gardener. 


san  francisco: 
Bacon  &  Company,  Book  and  Job  Printers, 

Corner  Clay  and  Sansome  Streets. 
1886. 


Board  of  Park  Commissioners. 


R.  P.  HAMMOND,  Jr.,  Chairman, 
WM.  H.  DIMOND, 
JOSEPH  AUSTIN. 


A  Statement  from  the  Park 
Commission. 


Office  of  the  Park  Commissioners, 
San  Francisco,  Oct.  16th,  1886. 


1 


In  view  of  the  importance  of  ;:he  subject,  and  the  interest 
which  has  of  late  been  taken  in  it,  the  Board  of  Park  Commis- 
sioners consider  it  proper  to  make  this  statement,  and  give  pub- 
licity to  the  accompanying  reports. 

On  entering  upon  their  duty  in  May  of  the  present  year, 
after  examination  and  upon  taking  advice  which  they  consid- 
ered perfectly  competent,  they  became  well  satisfied  that  the 
trees  composing  the  older  groups,  belts,  and  masses  on  Golden 
Gate  Park  were  suffering  from  overcrowding — were,  in  fact, 
going  backward  in  the  scale  of  usefulness,  and  that  many  were 
destined  to  die,  and  the  groups  to  lose  character,  if  not  re- 
lieved by  thinning. 

Examining  the  early  reports,  on  which  the  improvement  and 
plantation  of  this  place  were  based,  it  was  seen  that  the  intention 
of  the  designer  was  that  trees  should  be  cut  away  as  soon  as 
they  began  to  interfere  with  each  other,  and  that  very, 
very  many  more  trees  had  been  planted  than  it  was  intended 
or  thought  possible  to  permanently  occupy  the  spaces  covered  ' 
by  the  plantations. 

Inquiring  as  to  the  past  of  later  dates,  the  Commission  found 
that  their  predecessors  had  been  deterred  from  carrying  on 
this  work  of  attention  to  the  forest  growth,  because  of  lack  of 
funds  for  the  purpose,  and  the  continual  demand  that  money 
be  expended  for  show  and  present  enjoyment. 

Impressed   with    the    gravity  of  the    situation,  continually 


growing  worse,  and  just  now,  as  regards  the  older  and  most 
noticeable  plantations,  in  a  most  critical  stage,  this  Commission 
made  an  appeal  to  the  honorable  Board  of  Supervisors,  for 
funds  to  be  devoted  specially  to  the  relief  and  betterment  of 
the  permanent  forest  growths  in  their  charge. 

This  appeal  was  answered  by  an  appropriation  of  -15,500 
from  the  municipal  surplus  fund  of  1885-'6,  for  our  use,  as 
explained  to  be  so  very  necessary.  The  work  was  commenced, 
but  attracted  undue  attentior\  and  elicited  comment  which  the 
Commission  believes  to  have  been  based  upon  misunderstand- 
ing of  the  situation  and  of  its  purpose. 

Realizing  to  the  fullest  extent  the  fact  that  they  are  but  the 
servants  of  the  public,  and  that  our  Park  is  a  property  of  the 
public,  in  which  each  individual  properly  takes  a  great  an<l 
active  interest,  they  felt  it  incumbent  on  them  to  have  this 
subject  well  examined  and  explained. 

To  this  end,  they  called  upon  Mr.  Wm.  Ham.  Hall,  State 
Engineer,  and  their  consulting  engineer,  for  his  report  in  writ- 
ing. It  is  to  be  remembered  that  Mr.  Hall  was  the  designer, 
as  landscape  architect  and  engineer,  of  this  Park,  and  that  he 
virtually  built  it,  and  planted  the  older  plantations  now  desired 
to  be  placed  under  treatment. 

His  report,  under  date  of  Sept.  1st,  1886,  has  been  received, 
and  is  herewith  presented. 

Most  opportunely,  the  Commission  heard  about  this  time  of 
the  coming  of  Mr.  Fred  Law  Olmsted,  than  whom  no  one  is 
greater  in  the  art  of  landscape  architecture  and  the  manage- 
ment of  park  developments.  This  gentleman  has  now  been 
with  us,  and  has  quite  carefully,  and  with  much  kindly  inter- 
est, examined  our  Golden  Gate  Park.  He  speaks  with  an  au- 
thority based  on  almost  world-wide  experience  and  observa- 
tion, and  with  a  generally  recognized  reputation  as  the  head 
of  his  profession  in  America. 


To  more  fully  set  Mr.  Olmsted's  status  before  San  Fran- 
ciscans generally,  we  here  Insert  an  article  taken  from  the 
"  San  Francisco  Bulletin  "  of  the  4th  inst. 

"PARK  OBSERVATIONS." 

"  Fred  Law  Olmsted,  the  Landscape  Architect,  Takes  a  View  of 
Golden  Gate  Park  Reservation." 

"  There  has  been  in  California  for  near  a  month  past,  a  gentleman  whose 
name  is  familiar  as  household  words  to  the  good  and  solid  people  of  New 
England,  and  the  Eastern  States  generally,  and  to  whom  is  attached  an 
enviable  reputation  over  a  good  portion  of  the  well  civilized  world.  This 
is  Fred.  Law  Olmsted,  who,  at  the  invitation  of  Senator  Stanford,  crossed 
the  continent  to  advise  and  plan  with  our  benevolent  Californian  upon 
matters  connected  with  the  designs  for  the  proposed  University  grounds, 
buildings,  and  village.  Mr.  Olmsted  ranks  first  among  American  land- 
scape architects,  and  has  a  high  reputation  as  a  man  of  taste  and  wide 
practical  experience  in  the  laying  out  and  improvement  of  parks,  suburban 
towns,  and  rural  neighborhoods.  Indeed,  he  is  the  creator  of  the  art  of 
landscape  architecture  in  America.  He  was  the  designer  and  original  con- 
structor of  New  York  Central  Park,  Brooklyn  Prospect  Park,  the  Buffalo 
Park,  and  a  large  number  of  other  notable  grounds  (jf  similar  character. 
He  is  now  in  general  charge  of  the  works  of  the  Boston  Park  Commission, 
which  is  just  commencing  construction  of  the  large  new  Franklin  Park  ; 
and  he  is  in  advisory  charge  of  a  number  of  Eastern  public  grounds, 
those  of  the  National  Capital  among  the  number. 

"His  duty  in  generally  advising  Mr.  Stanford  having  been  completed, 
Mr.  Olmsted  is  now  on  his  way  back  to  his  labors  East ;  but  it  is  under- 
stood that  he  has  made  an  examination  of  Golden  Gate  Park,  and  will 
soon  write  to  our  Park  Commission  a  letter  of  advice  concerning  important 
points  in  its  improvement  and  management.  He  has  expressed  himself  as 
astonished  at  the  favorable  development  he  has  found  at  our  Park,  and 
thinks  that  we  have  every  reason  to  hope  for  very  interesting  and  satis- 
factory results  from  the  Park  work.  Senator  Stanford  has  done  well  in 
securing  the  advice  of  one  so  experienced  and  tasteful,  and  our  Park 
Commission  is  fortunate  in  the  prospect  of  some  good  advice  from  the 
leading  authority  on  landscape  architecture." 

To  Mr.  Olmsted's  letter,  this  Commission  next  asks  atten- 
tion. It  is  a  thoughtful  document,  which  the  Commissioners, 
in  common  with  our  esteemed  evening  journal,  fully  appreciate 
the  value  of,  and  by  which  they  will  be  guided  in  the  hope  of 
doing  good  service  to  their  constituents. 


In   the  mean  time,  it  seemed  to  the  Commission  advisable 
that  they  should  have  also  the  opinion  of  some  distinctly  prac- 
tical, able,  and  altogether  disinterested  local  authority  on  forest 
tree  culture  and  the  development  of  large  ornamental  grounds. 
To  this  end,  the  kindly  services  of  Mr.  John  McLaren,  land- 
scape  gardener,  were  called   in    to  examine  and   report  on  the 
plantations.     Mr.  McLaren  is  a  gardener,  practically  educated 
at  the    Edinburgh    Botanical  Gardens,  and    a  number   other 
large  ground,  in  Scotland.      He  has  for  a  number  of  years  had 
chrrge  of  the  best  developed  large  private  park  ground  in  Cal- 
ifornia, and  has  therein  had  experience  in  just  such  plantations 
as  we  are  trying  to  perfect  at  the  Park.     And  he  is  one  who 
has  studied  practically  and  daily  the  subject  of  park  growths 
in  many  of  the  best  places  in  the  State.     His  report  on  our 
charge  is  also  annexed. 

In  view  of  the  concurrence  of  opinion  by  these  authorities, 
sustaining  the  Commission  in  its  efforts  to  save  the  young  for- 
ests and  tree  groups  of  Golden  Gate  Park,  the  Commission 
has  decided  to  go  on  with  its  work  of  thinning  then,  as  begun, 
and  hopes  that  it  will  be  understood  and  sustained  in  so  doing. 
In  order  that  it  may  generally  be  understood  in  the  future 
that  the  Commission  is,  in   the   technical  affairs  of  its  work, 
acting  with  the  advice  of  some  one  competent  to  advise  in  this 
particular  line  of  work,  there  are  appended  hereto  also  extracts 
from  certain  letters,  written  years  ago  by  Mr.  Olmsted,  which 
were  placed  on  file  by  the  Board  in  1876,  but  have  never  be- 
fore been  brought  to  public  notice. 

Respectfully  presented, 

R.  P.  Hammond,  Jr., 
Wm.  H.  Dimoni>,  - 
Joseph  Austin, 

Commissioners. 


Report  of  Wm,  Ham,  Hall, 

Consulting  Engineer. 


San  Francisco,  Sept.  1st,  1886. 

The  Honorable  Board  of  Park  Commissioners, 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Gentlemen: — Your  attention  has  heretofore  been  called,  in 
a  general  way,  to  the  conditions  of  the  tree  plantations  at  Gol- 
den Gate  Park;  but  in  view  of  the  fact  that  there  is  much  in 
this  connection  which  seems  not  to  be  understood  in  some  quar- 
ters, and  that  a  proper  appreciation  tiiereof  upon  the  part  of 
all  is  much  to  be  desired,  the  present  memorandum  is  submit- 
ted for  your  consideration  and  disposal. 

Under  the  circumstances,  it  will  not  be  unbecoming  injne.to 
recall  to  mind  some  facts  related  to  m^  former  duty  on  this 
Park,  tending  to  show  that  I  do  not  approach  the  subject  as  a    _^ 
novice,  or  speak  without  authority  on  the  special  work  in  hand. 

The  improvement  of  the  Park  grounds  became  a  subject  of 
systematic  study,  with  tjie  undersignejL.  full  seventeen  years 
ago.  The  plan  was  designed  and  placed  upon  the  ground _bx 
me.  For  nearly  seven  yearsjjiad  its  development  in  charge 
as  en^ineerflandscape  architect^and  superintendent/// All  of  / // 
the  principal,  and  in  the  aggregate,  full  five-sixths  of  the  ex- 
isting drives,  were  built  and  completed  under  my  care.  The 
body  of  the  heavy  grading  which  shaped  the  grounds  for  oc- 
cupation,  and  which  is  now  unseen  and  unappreciated,  was 
done  by  my  guidance.  The  drifting  sands  were  all  success- 
fully reclaimed  to  the  first  stage  of  the  work,  by  the  use  of 
native  and  imported  plants,  and  a  considerable  area  set  out  in 
trees  and  the  beach-grass,  foil  owing  _mv_study^  of  the  subject 
and  by  my  labors.  The  older  tree  and  shrub  plantations,  in 
the  more  finished  grounds,  which  now  have  attained  size  to 
afford  efficient  protection  from  the  driving  winds,  and  be  spec- 
ially noticeable  in  the  landscapes,  were  set  out  in  accordance 


8 

with  niv_thought  and  under  mv  direction.    In  other  words,  the  jf 
foundation  of  the  Park  of  today. was  laJtl _bx-.miu  ami  rnjifikjof  / ( 
the  t«uperstructure  was  erected  under  my  supervismilx- 

In  saying  these  things,  I  do  not  mearTto  detract  from  credit 
justly  due  those  who  have  succeeded  to  its  management. 
Most  of  the  ornamental  flower-bed  work  which  now  shows  so 
beautifully,  and  a  vast  amount  of  tree  and  other  plantation  work 
which  in  due  time  will  grow  into  prominent  notice  and  useful- 
ness, and  the  construction  of  many  of  the  foot  walks  and  of 
some  parts  of  the  drives,  have  since  been  carried  out  under  oth- 
ers' superintendence.  Reference  is  made  to  m^Jabors  on  these 
grounds,  only  as  a  reminder  that  I  know  that  of  which  this 
memorandum  treats — the  theory  of  the  design  and  plantation 
of  tlie  place. 

The  selection  of  the  present  Park  site  was  made  in  the  face 
of  bitter  opposition.  It  was  generally  believed  and  repeatedly 
urged  bv  a  good  portion  of  the  local  press,  that  an  attempt  to 
build  and  maintain  a  Park  on  the  dry  sands  and  brush-covered 
hillocks  which  composed  the  site,  would  prove  a  costly  failure. 
Powerful  and  winning  pens,  whose  ink  has  within  the  past  de- 
cade flowed  in  gratulation  at  the  results  attained  and  to  be  ex- 
pected on  Golden  Gate  Park,  were  within  the  ten  years  before 
busily  engaged  in  denouncing  the  selection  of  the  place  for  the 
purpose— declaring  that  no  Park  could  be  built  there,  and  no 
verdure  maintained,  at  any  cost  which  the  city  could  afford. 
The  Presidio  reservation  was  spoken  of  as  the  only  place  which 
could  be  had,  whose  soils  were  suitable  for  the  great  city  Park 
of  San  Francisco,  and  Congress  was  to  be  petitioned  to  grant 
it  to  municipality  for  the  purpose.  Other  propositions  were 
made  to  obtain  a  location  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city,  and 
almost  every  other  place  seemed  to  receive  more  favorable  no- 
tice than  that  selected.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  selection  has 
proved,  and  will  continue,  as  time  rolls  on,  to  prove,  a  wise  one. 
The  sands  afford  a  warmth  essential  in  a  Park  for  San  Fran- 
cisco, which  a  clay  soil  would  have  rendered  impossible  to  at- 
tain. The  surface  of  the  Presidio  reservation  is  all  clay  or 
closely  underlaid  by  clay,  and  so  was  every  other  site  spoken 
of  except  that  selected.     The  sandy  site  has  been  handled  at 


9 

one-lialf  the  expense  which  :i  clay  location  would  have  cost. 
The  result  speaks  for  itself. 

The  theory  of  this  whole  improvement  was  clustered  around 
the  ideas  of  "  repose,"  and  "  warmth,  and  "'■  enlivenment."  To 
attain  these  in  our  peculiar  climate,  without  sacrificing  breadth 
of  treatment,  and  that  ample  accommodation  necessary  to  meet 
the  growing  demands  of  a  great  city,  and  to  make  a  park-like 
effect  by  simple  and  inexpensive  means,  was  the  subject  of 
seven  years'  thought  and  work  on  my  part,  aided  by  a  corres- 
pondence with  specialists  abroad,  and  by  every  account  and  il- 
lustration of  experience  elsewhere  which  could  be  collected. 

The  forestry  and  landscape  architecture  of  the  place  was  par- 
ticularly the  subject  of  consideration.  What  was  the  nature 
of  the  landscapes  which  could  be  produced  and  maintained 
under  the  circumstances,  at  reasonable  cost?  What  the  char- 
acter of  verdure  with  which  the  place  should  be  clothed,  and 
what  its  general  plan  of  disposition  to  effect  the  leading  ends 
desired  ?  These  were  the  ideas  and  questions  which  led  the 
thought  and  guided  the  work,  in  originally  laying  out  and 
planting  the  Golden  Gate  Park. 

It  was  designed  that  the  six  hundred  or  more  acres  of  the 
reservation  including  and  lying  west  of  Strawberry  Hill,  and 
its  connected  ridge,  should  be  simply  treated  as  a  woodland 
or  forest,  with  all  the  hills  and  ridges  more  or  less  heavily  tim- 
bered, and  the  valleys  covered  with  lower-growing  shrubs  or 
field  grasses;  that  the  four  hundred  or  less  acres  east  of  the 
hill  and  ridge  should  be  treated  as  a  more  finished  Park,  with 
its  tree  plantations  in  smaller  masses  or  groups,  principally  on 
the  higher  grounds,  and  its  several  notable  valleys  occupied 
by  such  special  features  as  a  picnic  ground;  a  garden — includ- 
ino- a  conservatory  and  semi-tropical  exhibit ;  a  children's  quar- 
ter — including  a  dairy-house  and  play-grounds  ;  a  recreation 
ground  for  sports  of  older  people  ;  a  lawn,  with  lake  and  water 
terrace  ;  a  manor  house  and  grounds,  with  concourses  for  car- 
riages and  pedestrians ;  and  an  open  air  concert  auditorium  ; 
and  finally,  that  the  avenue  of  approach — for  it  is  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  from  Baker  to  Stanyan  Street — should  afford  a  means 
of  getting  to  the  Park  against  the  direction  of  the  wind,  without 
fully  encountering  its  driving  force. 


10 

Simplicity  of  design  and  economy  of  construction,  improve- 
ment, and  maintenance,  were  ever  held  in  view.  I  was  early 
warned  from  an  experienced  source,  and  confirmed  the  lesson 
by  observation,  that  it  was  an  easy  matter  to  make  a  s,M-eat 
garden  and  lawn  of  the  Park  by  the  expenditure  of  sufficient 
money,  but  that  it  would  cost  enormously  to  maintain  such  a 
place,  and  that  the  most  desirable  ends  of  '-repose"  and 
"  warmth  "  were  chiefly  to  be  obtained  by  simpler  means  ; 
namely,  a  judicious  shaping  of  the  grounds,  a  sheltered  loca- 
tion of  roads  and  walks,  a  skillful  disposition  of  trees  and 
shrubbery,  and  the  maintenance  of  a  green  covering  to  the 
ground  without  constant  watering. 

Thus,  the  plantation  work  was  carried  out  always  with  a 
distinct  purpose  in  mind ;  and  there  was  no  haphazard  work 
about  it,  although  much  was  done  of  an  experimental  nature, 
and  all  with  a  sustained,  tentative  policy,  and  watchful  regard 
for  partial  results,  as  affecting  current  action. 

The  ])lanting  of  trees  was  done  in  the  expectation  that  full 
twenty-five  per  cent,  might  fail  to  grow,  because  there  was 
no  local  experience  under  similar  conditions  to  guide  on  the 
point,  and  it  was  not  known  what  facilities  there  would  be 
from  year  to  year  to  care  for  the  plantations. 

The  adaptability  of  different  kinds  of  trees,  in  our  climate 
to  the  special  objects  in  view  at  particular  points,  was  not  fully 
known,  and  in  order  that  landscape  effect,  as  well  as  utility 
and  thriftiness,  might  be  consulted  in  afterwards  thinning  the 
groups,  many  more  in  variety  as  well  in  number  were  planted, 
in  leading  groups,  than  it  was  desired  and  intended  should 
afterwards  stand  therein. 

Still  again,  to  produce  a  pleasing  effect  of  verdure  as  soon 
as  possible,  trees  were  planted  much  closer  together  than  it 
was  intended  they  should  stand,  and  than  was  required,  be- 
cause of  other  reasons  before  given,  and  than  future  healthful 
growth  would  admit  of  as  a  permanent  placing. 

With  this  view,  certain  quick-growing  and  hardy  evergreen 
trees  were  planted  in  many  places,  to  serve  as  shrubs — in  the 
foreground  of  intended  tree  groups — to  cover  the  ground  tem- 
porarily, and  give  an  appearance  of  shrubbery,  in  the  absence 
of  proper  spreading  plants  for  the  purpose. 


11 

And,  finally,  to  afford  mutual  protection  ajrainst  the  driving 
winds,  and  the  sooner  to  produce  effectual  wind-breaks  to 
shelter  the  roads  and  walks,  the  trees  were  grouped  in  larger 
masses,  and  placed  in  far  greater  number  within  each  group, 
than  would  otherwise  have  been  done. 

In  fine,  I  say  that  during  the  first  six  years  of  planting  on 
the  Golden  Gate  Park,  full  four  times  as  many  trees  were  set 
out  a?  should,  to  produce  well  formed  and  thrifty  trees,  and 
permanent  plantation:?,  occupy  the  spaces  covered  by  the 
groups  and  belts.  And  this  was  done  deliberately,  and  for 
the  reasons  heretofore  given  ;  and  it  was  good  policy,  and  nec- 
essary so  to  do,  for  the  same  reasons,  and  others  collateral, 
but  not  necessary  at  this  time  to  review.  Furthermore,  I  am 
prepared  to  show  that  this  practice  of  planting  thick,  and  af- 
terwards thinning  as  the  young  trees  commence  to  interfere 
with  each  other,  in  varied  degrees,  is  a  universal  custom  in  the 
cultivation  of  forest  growths,  where  systematically  done, 
whether  the  object  be  that  of  business  enterprise,  of  landscape 
improvement,  or  of  growing  belts  or  groups,  to  afford  protec- 
tion from  winds.  This  subject  is  one  full  of  long,  varied,  and 
systematic  experiences,  the  results  of  which  constitute  a  body 
of  professional  knowledge  not  to  be  ignored  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Golden  Gate  Park. 

European  foresting  accounts  show  that  from  30  to  60  per 
cent,  of  trees  planted  are  cut  out  from  the  time  they  reach  the 
size  of  fish  poles  to  that  of  five  to  six  inches  in  diameter,  and 
twenty-five  to  forty  feet  in  height;  and  this  is  done  not  for  the 
timber  produced  by  the  cutting,  but  as  a  sanitary  measure- 
in  the  interest  of  health,  vigor,  and  rapid  and  complete  growth 
of  those  trees  left  standing  to  constitute  the  forest.  In  such 
cultivations  there  are  the  first,  second,  and,  sometimes,  third 
and  fourth  thinnings  of  the  young  plantations  ;  in  which  pro- 
cesses the  weaker  and  least  desirable  trees  are  taken,  where 
the  growth  is  too  thick  for  strength  and  health  to  all.  After- 
wards—when the  woods,  as  a  whole,  are  fully  grown,  and  the 
final  cutting  commences— the  larger  and  more  mature  trees  are 
at  first  selected,  and  the  slender  ones  are  given  another  series 
of  years  for  development  to  the  commercial  standard. 


12 

III  the  plantation  of  parks  there  are  as  reasons  for  the  thick- 
setting  of  trees  with  the  view  of  subsequent  thinning  out,  not 
only  those  objects  which  govern  in  ordinary  forestry,  but  those 
also,  which  are  sought  to  be  attained  as  essential  to  park-like 
effect  and  early  development  to  a  condition  for  use  as  a  park, 
and  to  a  state  where  ultimate  landscape  effect  can  be  studied 
in  makincr  the  thinnings.  All  these  considerations  have  had 
potent  influence  in  the  improvement  of  modern  parks.  It  is  on 
record  in  printed  form,  and  I  have  corroboration  by  corres- 
pondence with  those  specially  skilled  and  in  charge  of  the 
works,  that  hundreds  of  thousands  of  trees  have  been  removed 
from  the  plantations  of  the  Parks  of  New  York,  Brooklyn, 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  other  eastern  cities,  in  the  course 
and  for  the  purposes  hereinbefore  mentioned. 

Furthermore,  we  do  not  have  to  go  beyond  the  limits  of  our 
own  State  to  find  extended  and  successful  applications  of  these 
rules  of  plantation.  In  the  adjoining  county  of  San  Mateo, 
for  instance,  are  many  examples  of  grounds  where,  to  save  and 
fully  develop  large  plantations  of  trees  set  for  landscape  pur- 
poses, more  than  half  the  number  have  been  cut  out  within 
ten  to  twelve  years  after  planting;  and  the  testimony  of  those 
in  charge  of  such  places,  as  well  as  the  evidence  of  contrast- 
ing results,  is  overwhelmingly  in  favor  of  the  necessity  of  thin- 
ning at  the  right  times.  The  Golden  Gate  Park  itself  affords 
ample  lessons  on  this  point  for  those  who  are  willing  to  learn. 
A  few  groups  of  trees  which  were  thinned  out  in  1876,  by  my 
direction,  now  present  thoroughly  healthful,  vigorous,  well- 
branched,  well-rooted,  and  well-formed  trees — in  striking  con- 
trast to  tiie  greater  portion  of  the  older  plantations,  as  here- 
after described. 

How  is  it  with  our  Golden  Gate  Park  as  a  whole  ?  Has  the 
complete  system  of  forest  and  wooding  development,  originally 
marked  out  for  it,  been  adhered  to  ?  I  answer  that  it  has  not, 
and  that  its  older  tree  plantations  are  now  in  an  abominable 
condition,  and,  with  a  few  notable  exceptions,  as  a  whole,  are 
rapidly  deteriorating  for  the  purposes  intended  and  desirable  ; 
many  of  the  principal  groups  are  gone  almost  past  redemption, 
and  the  younger  plantations  are  fast  getting  in  the  same  state, 


13 

and  all  because  the  necessary  thinning  has  not  from  time  to 
time,  during  the  past  ten  years,  been  attended  to.  I  say  this 
not  as  a  reflection  on  those  who  have  had  the  place  in  charge, 
for  I  am  told  that  had  means  been  at  command  during  the  last 
past  administration,  the  effort  would  have  been  made  to  pre- 
vent this  evil  ;  and  I  know  tiiat  during  preceding  administra- 
tions some  of  the  necessary  work  was  attempted,  and  much 
more  would  have  been  done,  but  for  the  manifestation  of  op- 
position to  cutting  any  trees,  which,  though  doubtless  pronipted 
by  motives  in  the  public  interest,  came  from  a  source  not 
versed  in  the  practice  of  forestry  and  park  construction. 

Now  we  have  at  Golden  Gate  Park  trees  whose  natural 
habits  would  produce  heads  of  foliage  twenty-five  to  thirty-five 
feet  across,  near  the  ground,  at  ten  to  fourteen  years  of 
age,  and  which  were  planted  four  to  eigiit  feet  apart,  in  1871 
to  1876,  with  the  view  of  gradually  cutting  out  full  two-thirds 
of  the  number  within  the  years  down  to  this  time,  still  stand- 
ing in  the  groups  as  planted — spindling,  bare-stalked  saplings 
within  the  groups,  and  one  sided  shams  around  the  mar- 
gins thereof — in  many  cases  not  a  healthy,  well-developed 
si)ecimen  in  the  whole  group.  In  this  respect,  the  main  large 
clumps  of  the  older  trees  at  the  Park  are  rotten  shams,  whose 
period  of  usefulness  as  desirable  objects  in  the  landscapes,  and 
as  protectors  from  the  driving  winds,  is  well  near  ended  ;  and 
which,  in  a  few  years,  because  the  individual  trees  are  spin- 
dling, weak,  and  light-rooted,  and  with  foliage  and  branches 
hiiih  up  on  the  trunks  only,  will  commence  to  blow  down, 
wholesale,  before  the  blasts  and  storms  of  winter.  The  over- 
crowding of  the  trees  in  the  group,  keejnng  out  light  and  air, 
has  forced  a  weak  upward  growth,  and  has  killed  off  all  lat- 
eral branches  within  the  groups,  and  has  left  a  healthy  branch- 
ino-  and  foliage  on  one  side  onlv  of  the  trees  around  the  mar- 
gins. 

This  account  relates  to  the  tree  plantations  throughout  the 
Avenue  leading  to  the  Park,  but  especially  to  the  older  and  more 
noticeable  plantations,  with  some  few  exceptions,  in  the  eas- 
tern and  more  fre(iuented  part  of  the  grounds. 

Throughout  these  parts  of  the  Park  are  forest  trees,  of  kinds 
whose  branches  shouhl  be  encouraged  to  grow  and    spread. 


14 

from  the  groun<l,  laterally,  to  their  utmost  extent,  which  should 
never  be  trimmed  off  or  shortened  in.  standing  now  on  the 
very  edges  of  roads  and  walks,  and  there  necessarily  shorn  of 
their  beauty  and  character  by  the  pruning  hook,  shears,  or 
axe.  because  their  spread  was  absolutely  obstructing  the  pas- 
sa«'e  ways.  These  trees  were  never  intended  to  stand  perma- 
nently in  such  places.  They  were  planted  thus  as  shelter  to 
others  behind,  and  should  have  been  taken  out  some  years 
ii<ro  when  the  proper  time  came,  and  before  those  in  the  rear 
and  intended  to  be  permanent  had  lost  their  foliage  and  vigor 
from  overcrowding. 

There  are  thousands  of  trees  in  the  older  plantations  of  this 
Park,  which  are  serving  no  other  purpose  than  to  kill  off  or 
ruin  others,  and  which  should  be  cut  out. 

The  newer  plantations  have  been  made  in  the  manner  of 
those  set  out  in  the  early  park  work  ;  and  if  now  properly 
taken  in  hand,  the  lamentable  condition  into  which  the  older 
f^roups  have  fallen  mav  be  warded  off  for  these  younger  ones. 

Thus,  the  work  which  should  now  be  undertaken  in  the 
tree  plantations  of  the  Park  is,  in  the  older  groups,  one  of  re- 
lief and  repair,  and  in  the  newer  plantations  one  of  simple  pre- 
vention— profiting  by  the  experience  so  dearly  bought. 

It  is  proposed  to  try  to  prevent  the  older  plantations  of 
pines  and  cypress  from  further  smothering  the  individual  trees 
of  which  they  are  composed,  and  in  this  way  to  prevent  the 
further  loss  of  lower  limbs,  and  to  promote  a  mox-e  vigorous 
growth  of  the  best  trees.  To  this  end  it  is  proposed  to  cut 
out  the  weaker  trees,  particularly  within  the  groups,  to  clean 
out  the  dead  and  dying  foliage  and  branches,  to  clear  away 
trees  which,  by  their  nature,  are  out  of  place  in  the  fore- 
grounds of  groups,  and  thus  to  let  light  and  air  in  to  the  indi- 
vidual and  important  trees.  Having  cleared  away  the  rubbish 
and  superfluous  trees,  it  isjproposed  in  suitable  cases  to  try 
to  rehabilitate  the  groups  as  masses  of  verdure  springing  from 
the  ground,  by  planting  at  proper  distances  from  them  small 
groups  of  lower  growing  shrubs  and  plants,  as  was  done  in 
1875  and  1876,  in  the  case  of  some  groups  near  the  park  lodge, 
and  which  now  present  a  comparatively  attractive  appearance. 


15 

It  18  not  intended  to  cut  out  any  trees  or  foliage  which  now 
seem  to  he  necessary  for  protection  from  the  driving  winds, 
except  at  limited  localities,  where  the  condition  of  the  planta- 
tions is  so  abominably  bad,  and  hastening  to  early  decay  and 
uselessness,  that  a  very  small  amount  of  foresight  prompts  ac- 
tion to  save  some  part  of  the  group,  and  to  reform  it  with 
younger  plants  at  the  earliest  time  practicable. 

It  is  not  intended  to  denude  any  trees  of  their  lower  branch- 
es, and  thus  apparently  open  up  a  space  for  the  sweep  of 
winds,  except  where  such  branches  are  dead  or  absolutely  dy- 
ing, or  where  it  may  be  necessary  for  the  health  of  trees. 

It  is  not  intended  to  destroy  any  tree  or  branch  which,  with 
any  reasonable  degree  of  foresight,  can  be  saved  and  made  to 
serve  a  good  purpose  ;  and  to  this  end  it  is  intended  to  give 
the  benefit  of  any  reasonable  doubt  in  retaining  that  which 
has  grown,  and  to  go  over  the  grounds  several  times  before 
completing  any  one  portion. 

In  the  newer  plantations  it  is  intended  to  go  forward  with 
the  work  of  thinning  gradually,  selecting  the  weaker  growing 
plants  first,  and  cutting  out  those  only  which  have  commenced 
to  interfere  with  their  neighbors. 

To  the  unitiated,  even  this  careful  work  may  in  some  cases 
seem,  at  first  glance,  a  rough  handling  of  precious  trees;  but 
to  any  intelligent,  unprejudiced  person,  who  will  carefully 
watch  the  operation,  patiently  learn  the  object  in  view,  and  the 
means  proposed  for  the  accomplishment  in  each  case,  and  inves- 
tigate the  subject  with  no  other  experience,  even,  than  that  so 
plainl}'  apparent  in  this  Park  itself,  the  conclusion  will  be  in 
hearty  support  of  the  work. 

The  work  of  thinning  the  older  plantations  commenced  some 
weeks  ago  on  the  south  side  of  the  Avenue,  or  approach  to  the. 
Park,  There  were  in  this  locality  full  twice  as  many  trees  as 
could  occupy  the  space  and  remain  healthy,  much  less  develop 
to  well  formed,  strong  rooted,  vigorous  and  permanent  trees. 
The  lower  branches  of  most  of  them  were  dead  or  dying. 
Many  of  the  trees  themselves  were  in  a  sickly  condition,  and  not 
makiuir  vigorous  growth. 

Through  this  plantation  of  between  800  and  900  trees  the 


16 

dead  wood  has  been  cleaned  out  and  the  poorest  trees  cut  away 
to  the  number  of  less  than  one  tree  in  ten  of  those  composing 
the  groups.  It  is  not  a  fact  that  some  of  the  best  trees  were 
cut  away.  The  work  was  carefully  done,  and  held  far  within 
the  margin  of  actual  necessity  in  the  locality.  It  will  be  nec- 
essary to  go  through  these  plantations  again  in  the  spring. 
This  is  the  work  which  has  been  criticised  as  a  ruthless  cutting 
away  of  valuable  trees. 

Attention  is  asked  to  the  condition  of  the  corresponding  plan- 
tations on  the  north  side  of  the  Avenue,  as  viewed  by  going  on 
foot  into  and  through  the  individual  groups.  They  are,  as  here- 
tofore described,  immeasurably  over-crowded,  killing  each  other 
out,  and  together  forming  a  jungle  of  dead  under-branches  on- 
ly hid  by  a  fringe  of  verdure  around  the  edges.  To  leave  them 
in  this  condition  is  the  height  of  absurdity,  and  constitutes  the 
most  flao-rant  neglect,  which  the  public  would  regard  as  little 
short  of  criminal  breach  of  trust  on  your  part,  if  the  subject 
were  generally  understood. 

As  it  is,  the  first  effect  of  thinning  these  groups  will  be  to 
expose  to  view  bare  trunks  and  trees  which  have  lost  their  ver- 
dure on  one  side  from  crowding  by  others.  It  is  not  your  fault 
that  you  have  thus  to  open  out  the  unsightly  interiors  of  these 
o-roups,  that  you  have  to  cut  out  trees  of  fourteen  years  of  age, 
which  should  have  been  removed  between  the  ages  of  six  and 
ten  vears.  It  is  not  your  fault  that  those  remaining  are  bare- 
stalked  and  one-sided.  But  it  will  be  your  fault  if  you  fail  to 
do  now  the  best  that  can  be  done  with  these  neglected  planta- 
tions, and  it  results  that  they  are  blowing  down  and  not  worth 
trying  to  save  a  few  years  hence. 

Attention  is  specially  asked  to  the  plantation  which  stands 
jiround  the  head  of  Conservatory  Valley,  behind  the  music  stand 
and  now  protects  it  from  the  winds.  It  is  plain  to  any  intelli- 
•-•ent  observer  that  these  trees  are  excessively  over-crowded, 
are,  in  consequence,  losing  their  lower  branches,  are  spindling 
up  as  slender,  weak  poles,  and  that  in  a  few  years  they  will 
afford  no  protection  to  the  place,  and  will  kill  each  other  out 
for  want  of  air  and  soil-space.  It  took  six  years  of  growth  in 
the  virgin  soil  to  rear  that  group  of  pines  high  enough  to  pro- 


17 

tect  this  valley.  It  should  have  been  thinned  gradually  from 
that  time  on,  so  as  to  preserve  a  vigorous  growth  of  lower 
branches.  This  has  not  been  done.  The  trees  are  scarcely 
worth  saving.  To  clean  out  the  dead  wood  now  and  thin  the 
group,  will  result  in  letting  the  wind  through,  and  possibly  in 
the  blowing  over  of  some  remaining  trees.  Moreover,  the  soil 
is  impoverished  by  its  over-crop  of  pines. 

This  is  the  condition  of  things  in  many  places  on  these 
grounds.  A  very  careful  and  sustained  effort  is  required  for 
some  years  in  the  future  to  prevent  a  decided  deterioration  in 
what  seems  now  to  be  the  more  highly  improved  parts. 

It  is  not  the  intention  in  this  work  to  open  up  the  grounds 
for  costly  or  ornamental  improvement.  The  motive  of  econo- 
my is  the  leading  thought  in  promoting  it.  The  desire  is  to 
save  trees,  and  have  them  continue  to  afford  the  glad  relief  to 
the  eye,  and  grateful  protection  from  the  winds,  for  which 
they  were  planted ;  and  the  methods  employed  in  the  work 
are  neither  merely  theoretical  nor  blind  experiments,  but  are 
well  tried,  thoroughly  understood, and  amply  justified  by  world- 
wide practice  both  in  forest  and  park  grounds. 

The  prejudice  against  attempting  the  improvement  of  Gold- 
en Gate  Park  extended  down  to  a  period  several  years  after  the 
work  beoran.  At  the  time  of  the  inauguration  of  work,  there 
was  a  fusilade  directed  at  the  management,  and  delay  was  de- 
sired, and  experiment  demanded  to  test  the  probable  success 
of  growing  anything  on  the  sire.  It  is  even  a  fact  that  two 
of  the  three  original  Commissioners  were  loth  to  accept  the 
responsibility  of  the  attempt,  and  it  was  upon  the  favorable 
report  of  the  undersigned,  following  a  careful  investigation  of 
the  whole  subject,  that  the  first  bonds  were  sold,  and  the  work 
went  on. 

When  the  work  of  grading  was  to  be  begun,  there  was  a 
proposition  strongly  urged  by  outside  influences,  and  seriously 
entertained,  to  grade  off  the  place  to  a  plane,  like  a  public 
square,  and  run  straight  avenues  athwart  it,  thus  destroy iug 
all  semblance  of  natural  configuration,  and  all  possibility  of 
rural  and  true  park-like  effect.  The  Avenue  leading  up  to  the 
Park  was  to  be  laid   out  as  two  parallel  streets,  with  rows  of 


18 

trees  and  a  walk  on  each  side,  and  a  grass  plat  in  the  middle, 
thus  opening  a  straight  funnel  for  the  sweep  of  the  winds,  and 
but  adding  number  to  the  city's  dusty  streets,  instead  of,  as 
now,  affording,  by  its  curved  road  and  grouped  plantations,  a 
comparatively  sheltered  ap[)roach  to  the  main  grounds. 

On  the  other  hand,  when  after  the  present  plan  had  been 
adopted,  and  the  work  of  grading  was  in  progress,  the  idea  was 
practically  developed  of  retaining   the   general   topographical 
configuration  of  the  place,  and  planning  to  it — opening  up  rea- 
sonably direct  lines   of   communication   from  valley  to  valley, 
by  partially  cutting  away  intervening  hills,  where  absolutely 
necessary  so  to  do,  and  filling  up  unsightly  hollows  to  give  a 
breadth  of  effect,  and  secure  open  spaces  of  reasonable   size 
for  lawns,  meadows,  and  concourses — the  cry  went  up  that  the 
face  of  nature  was  being  ruthlessly  destroyed,  and  money  be- 
in*^  uselessly  expended.      At  the  same  time,  and  from  the  same 
sources  came  a  protest  against  making  the  roads  so  wide.     A 
committee  of  a  certain  society,  professing   special   knowledge 
of  such  matters,  was  appointed  to  investigate  the  matter.      Its 
report  condemned  the  extravagance  of   roads  over  thirty  feet 
in  width,  and  recommended  that  they  be  fitted  to  the  ground 
just  as  it  was — without  material  cutting  away  of  hillocks  or  fil- 
ling of  hollows.     A  portion  of  the  press  took  the  matter  up,  and 
commented  most  unfavorably  upon  the  work  going   on.     The 
result  shows  that  had  the  gratuitous  suggestions  offered  been 
taken,  we  would  now  have  a  place  akin   to  a  contracted  beer 
o-arden  in    plan,  and  in  no  way  affording  the  space  and  relief 
which  the  Park  of  today  presents,  much  less  the  broad  land- 
scape effects  which  are  being  developed  there. 

When  it  was  proposed  to  reclaim  the  drifting  sands  simply 
by  a  process  of  cultivation  upon  them,  the  idea  was  denounced 
as  fallacious  and  mere  "  theory."  It  was  asserted  that  the 
hills  would  have  to  be,  in  a  measure,  graded  down,  and  the 
whole  covered  with  a  layer  of  clay  to  prevent  drifting  of  the 
sands ;  that  even  then  all  plants  set  out  would  have  to  be  wa- 
tered; that  the  entire  area  of  the  sand  drift,  including  outside 
private  property,  would  have  to  be  improved  at  the  same  time, 
to  prevent  the  Park  works  from  being  covered    in  by  sands 


19 

drifting  from  the  sides;  and,  finally,  that  before  anything 
could  be  done,  there  would  have  to  be  a  great  seawall  of  stone 
built  along  the  beach,  down  at  the  line  of  low  tide,  to  prevent 
the  whole  improvement  being  swallowed  up,  as  fast  as  made, 
by  the  in-coming  of  additional  sands  from  the  sea.  The  ob- 
servations and  investigations  which  led  to  the  adoption  of  the 
methods  of  reclamation,  afterwards  so  successful  on  these 
sands,  were  made  by  the  undersigned  without  authorization 
from  any  one  of  the  Commission;  and  the  experimental  plant- 
ation of  a  few  acres,  which  demonstrated  that  the  first  object 
of  arresting  the  drift  could  be  cheaply  accomplished  by  simply 
sowing  mixed  barley  and  lupin  seeds,  was  made  with  the  ap- 
proval of  only  one  of  the  Board,  and  was  not  publicly  spoken 
of  until  after  its  success  had  been  assured,  because  there  were 
those  in  the  city  who  opposed  every  move  that  looked  like 
spending  any  money,  or  that  they  themselves  did  not  under- 
stand and  believe  in. 

These  reminiscences  are  here  recounted  to  remind  you  that 
it  has  not  been  without  misunderstanding  and  opposition  that 
the  Golden  Gate  Park  improvement  has  been  brought  even 
thus  far  on  its  way  to  completion.  There  are  always  those 
who,  looking  only  upon  the  surface  of  such  subjects,  want  to 
let  alone  all  that  appears  to  be  well  enough  for  the  time  being. 
The  conductor  of  public  works  is  the  employee  of  every  mem- 
ber of  the  commonwealth,  and  the  constructor  of  a  Park  is  very 
generally  thought  to  be  simply  making  a  large  "  garden  "  for 
each  inhabitant  of  the  city. 

In  the  opinion  of  many  persons,  it  is  natural  for  every  one  to 
know  best  how  his  garden  should  be  made  and  managed  ;  it 
is  natural  for  every  body  who  has  seen  a  forest  to  know 
how  forests  are  grown  and  cared  for ;  it  is  natural  for 
every  one  who  has  been  to  Europe,  and  ridden  through 
the  old  parks  there,  to  know  just  how  they  were  developed, 
and,  consequently,  how  to  make  and  grow  a  park  here  ; 
it  is  natural  for  every  one  who  has  experience  in  planning 
and  jrrowing  a  home  garden  to  know  how  to  lav  out  and 
develope  a  great  park.  And  there  is  no  greater  truth  than 
that  the  most  skillfully  developed  park,  to  the  appreciation  of 


20 

very  many  persons,  speaks  least  for  its  arcliltect,  because  all 
the  best  results  seem  as  by  nature  designed  and  grown,  and 
only  the  filigree  work,  ornamental  structures,  and  flower  beds 
appeal  to  the  understanding  of  such  persons,  as  works  of  art. 

You  thus  find  yourselves  in  charge  of  a  trust  whose  nature 
is  not  appreciated  by  very  many  persons,  and  even  by  many 
of  intelligence  and  opportunity  for  observation  :  and  this,  sim- 
ply because  their  attention  never  has  been  seriously  called  to 
the  art  of  landscape  construction  and  park  building. 

In  my  judgment,  the  plantations  of  the  Park  are  now,  or 
are  fast  becoming,  in  very  bad  and  disastrous  condition.  It  is 
a  thankless  task  to  undertake  their  salvation.  The  Board  of 
Commissioners  who  will  let  things  for  the  future  drift,  and 
keep  the  surface  green  and  bright  for  the  time  being,  and  add 
to  the  present  "attractions"  of  the  place,  will  receive  passing 
praise,  and  will  only  share  with  all  the  rest  the  odium  of  hav- 
ing allowed  the  tree  plantations  to  go  to  the  dogs,  when  in  a 
few  years  the  matter  comes  to  be  popularly  understood. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 
Wm.  Ham.  Hall, 

Con.  Civ.  Eng. 


21 


San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Sept.  30th,  1886. 

Hon.  Fred  Law  Olmstead,  Palace  Hotel,  S.  F. 
Dear  Sir : 

The  Park  Commissioners  of  San  Francisco  appreciate  the  relation 
which  you  bear  to  park  improvement  in  the  United  States,  and  they 
believe  that  the  people  of  San  Francisco,  also,  will  recognize  in  you  the 
acknowledged  leading  authority  on  such  art.  Hence,  they  respectfully 
call  your  attention  to  a  subject  which  has  of  late  been  under  discussion 
here,  and  which  the  Commission  believes  to  be,  just  now,  vital  to  success 
in  the  development  of  a  park  on  Golden  Gate  Reservation.  This  is,  the 
condition  of  the  tree  jjlantations  and  other  hea\'y  growths  there  located, 
the  proper  method  of  treating  these  plantations  for  their  preservation  and 
betterment,  and  the  general  subject  of  developing  and  maintaining,  in 
the  most  economical  manner,  an  acceptable  and  satisfying  growth  of  park- 
like  vegetation,  of  various  classes,  over  this  reservation. 

In  this  connection,  the  Commission  transmit  a  report  recently  made  on 
the  subject  by  William  Hammond  Hall,  consulting  engineer,  asking 
you  to  read  it,  and  examine  the  facts  as  presented  at  the  Park,  and  to  give 
the  Commission,  in  such  way  as  you  see  fit,  the  benefit  of  your  advice  on 
the  points  named,  or  such  of  them  as  you  can  touch  upon,  together  with 
whatever  else  may  occur  to  you  in  this  general  connection,  and  which  your 
observations  at  the  Park  may  prompt  you  to  write. 

With  an  assurance  of  personal  esteem,  and  a  sense  of  the  considerable 
service  you  will  render  this  public  by  compliance  with  this  request,  I  am, 
sir, 

Your  Obd't  Servant, 

R.  P.  Hammond,  Jr., 
Chairman  Board  Park  Commissioners. 


Communication  from  Hon.  Fred.  Law 
Olmsted. 


Salt  Lake,^  October  5tli,  1886. 
R.  P.  Hammond,  Jr., 

Chairman  of  Park  Commission,  San  J^anctsco^ 

Dear  Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  reply  to  your  note,  received 
as  I  was  about  to  leave  San  Francisco.  You  ask  that  I  give 
you  in  a  few  words  the  result  of  my  impression  received  from 
the  examination  which  I  have  recently  made  of  your  Golden 
Gate  Park,  and  especially  my  opinion  as  to  the  condition  of  its 
forest  tree  plantations,  and  the  necessity  of  thinning  out  the 
trees  composing  them,  etc. 

The  work  of  improvement  of  your  park  site,  in  common  with 
that  of  others,  naturally  is  divided  into  two  classes,  according 
to  the  purposes  had  in  view — the  one,  the  creation  of  a  park, 
the  other,  providing  for  its  occupation  and  use,  and  the  amuse- 
ment of  people  therein. 

The  more  important  is  that  of  obtaining  the  apparently  nat- 
ural outlines  and  growths  constituting  a  park  fit  for  occupa- 
tion by  a  city's  crowds,  and  suitable  for  the  distinctly  rural 
recreation  of  people,  as  a  relief  and  counterpoise  to  the  urban 
conditions  of  their  ordinary  circumstances  of  life. 

The  attaining  to  this  end  must  be  largely  the  work  of  na- 
ture ;  but  that  the  result  may  be  altogether  suitable,  as  well 
as  pleasing  and  interesting,  obstacles  to  the  necessities  of  use 
must  be  removed,  the  desired  work  of  nature  must  be  started 
and  assisted,  and  the  natural  development  of  plantations  be 
studied,  guided,  and  encouraged  in  various  ways.  Beyond 
this,  in  the  preparation  of  your  park  proper,  nothing  else  is 
necessary  but  the  provision  of  ways  by  which  the  results  of 
nature's  work  may  be  enjoyed  by  the  public  without  injuring 
and  wearing  them  out. 

1  This  letter  was  written  by  Mr.  Olmsted  on  his  way  East.  His  residence 
and  business  address  is  Brookline,  Mass. 


28 

In  noticing,  as  you  ask  me  to  Jo,  what  has  been  acconiplislied 
on  your  grounds  in  this  way,  I  am  able  to  compare  tlie  site 
for  the  proposed  Golden  Gate  Park,  as  I  examined  it  last  week, 
and  as  I  saw  it  twenty  years  ago,  when  the  question  of  its  se- 
lection was  being  discussed.  And  now  I  say  that  the  result 
thus  far  obtained  in  the  legitimate  line  of  park  creation,  al- 
though as  yet  comparatively  but  little  attractive  to  the  pub- 
lic, or  effective  to  the  end  in  view,  is  an  achievement  far  ex- 
ceeding all  that  I  have  believed  possible  ;  and  that  it  gives  per- 
fect assurance  that  if  the  work  so  well  begun  is  as  wisely  car- 
ried on,  no  city  in  the  world  will  have  as  good  reason  for  tak- 
ing pride  in  its  park  as  San  Francisco. 

The  Golden  Gate  Park,  judiciously  developed,  is  certain  to 
have  a  unique  and  incomparable  character  ;  and  this,  not  be- 
cause of  any  striving  after  artificial  originality,  but  because  of 
the  inauguration  of  its  design  and  growth  by  a  thoroughly 
studious,  inventive,  and  scientific  exercise  of  judgment  in 
grasping  such  opportunities  as  nature  afforded,  and  in  the 
solving  of  an  extraordinary  problem  presented  in  the  circum- 
stances of  the  locality. 

The  creation  of  a  park  on  this  site  in  imitation  of  other 
great  parks,  is  a  result  which  could  have  been  accomplished 
in  a  limited  degree,  by  the  expenditure  of  great  sums  of  mon- 
ey, and  its  value  would  have  been  more  than  measured  by  its 
cost.  But  the  starting  of  growths  which  will  successfully 
come  to  maturity,  and  be  maintained  at  small  cost  on  this  site, 
having  a  park-like  effect,  unique  and  singular  though  it  be, 
and  the  outlining  of  a  plan  admitting  of  its  pleasurable  occu- 
pation for  rural  enjoyment,  is  an  achievement  of  value  to  San 
Francisco  very  far  in  excess  of  its  cost.  This,  I  think,  has 
been  effected.  The  foundation  is  laid  and  the  possibilities 
demonstrated. 

As  to  the  other  line  of  improvement  which  you  are  called 
on  to  carry  out,  it  is  that  of  providing  grounds  for  public  en- 
tertainment. This  is  done  chiefly  by  a  show  of  plants  arranged 
and  displayed  in  a  manner  the  reverse  of  a  natural  or  rural  or- 
der. 

What  has  been  done  for  tliis  purpose,  chiefly  in  the  garden 


24 

oi  your  Conservatory  Valley,  is  si  good  piece  of  handicraft  in 
the'  style  that  has  for  some  time  past  been  in  fashion,  but 
from  which  a  reaction  seems  now  setting  in  throughout  com- 
munities older  than  your  own. 

Your  ornamented  ground  and  flower  garden  being  in  no  re- 
spect the  product  of  local  circumstance,  or  representative  of 
distinctly  local  taste  or  study,  and  its  full  value  being  already 
realized,  calls  for  no  expression  of  judgment  from  me  as  to  the 
possibilities  of  its  future.  I  will  only  say  that  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  it  was  unfortunate  that  ground  was  taken  for  this 
purpose  within  the  territory  to  which  the  term  park  has  been 
applied,  because  it  tends  to  confusion  of  public  opinion  be- 
tween the  wholly  irreconcilable  purposes  of  a  rural  park  and 
those  of  an  urban  garden,  and  to  favor  neglect  of  the  more 
substantial  and  more  permanently  important  of  the  two. 

In  my  view  it  is  most  desirable  that  the  i)ublic,  to  whom 
you  are  responsible,  should  bear  in  mind  that  your  fine  gar- 
den ground,  with  its  arrangaoients  for  crowds  of  people,  its 
brilliancy,  its  bustle  of  carriages,  and  it«  brass  band,  is  to  gain 
nothing  of  importance  through  future' growth,  and  that  should 
it  be  swept  away  by  a  flood,  or  ruined  by  neglect  or  parsimo- 
ny, a  similar  and  as  valuable  a  means  of  entertainment  could 
be  produced  in  a  short  time,  at  small  expense,  on  the  same 
site,  or  in  any  other  part  of  the  city. 

It  is  no  more  an  essential  part  of  the  rural  park  which  you 
so  much  need,  and  in  the  future  will  absolutely  require,  for 
your  people,  than  is  a  picture  hung  in  a  frame  an  essential 
part  of  the  house  which  holds  it.  Two  or  three  years  from 
now  it  would  be  of  little  importance  whether  it  is  this  year 
well  managed  or  not.  Lost  ground  in  this  class  of  improve- 
ment can  quickly  be  recovered.  Not  so  with  the  Park  proper 
—the  permanent  and  really  valuable  portion  of  your  charge— 
the  grounds  at  large,  with  their  various  growths  of  trees,  and 
shrubs,  and  plants  that  produce,  or  are  to  produce,  your  rural 
effects.  The  degree  of  wisdom  of  it«  management  today  gov- 
erns the  value  of  results  in  years  to  come. 

That  which  has  been  achieved  points  the  way  for  future  ac- 
tion.    It  is  no  longer  an  obscure  problem.    Observe  and  study 


25 

well  the  results  before  you.  Unless  managed  with  disgrace- 
ful waste  of  the  opportunities  now  offered,  there  is  no  reason 
why  the  park  proper  should  not  go  on  gaining  in  value  through 
greater  fitness  for  its  purpose,  year  after  year,  indefinitely, 
[t  cannot  fail,  under  decently  conservative  management  and 
sustained  study  of  the  demands  which  nature  makes  apparent 
to  be  far  more  attractive  and  useful  ten  years  hence  than  now, 
and  a  hundred  years  hence  than  ten.  % 

As  to  the  question  you  more  particularly  ask  me  to  consider 
— the  condition  and  management  of  the  forest  tree  growths — 
I  consider  that  Mr.  Hall's  views,  embodied  in  the  report  you 
hand  me,  are  unquestionably  sound,  and  ray  examination  of 
the  place  enables  me  to  say  that  his  statements  sustaining 
them  appear  to  me  to  be  moderately  made  and  accurately  cor- 
rect. 

The  conditions  of  the  case  are  in  such  degree  unusuaf,  and 
the  results  thus  far  attained  so  conclusive  of  the  soundnfess  of 
the  course  recommended,  that  it- i^ul^y^^n justifiable  tp  turn 
aside  from  it,  even  if  nc^^jdence  from  the  experience  of  others 
could  be  offered  in  support  of  it.  His  theory  can  stand  on  its 
own  legs. 

But,  in  fact,  it  is  sustained  by  ail  experience  the  world  over. 
No  man  with  the  slightest  claim  to  speak  with  authority,  can 
be  found  in  the  least  at  difference  with  him.  I  do  not  doubt 
that  it  was  essential  to  the  successful  grrowth  of  the  designed 
masses  of  foliage  of  the  Golden  Gate  Park,  that  its  trees 
should  be  planted  as  closely  as  they  were.  I  do  not  doubt 
that  it  is  equally  essential  to  the  growth  in  a  healthy  way  of 
such  masses  that,  as  the  trees  advance  in  size,  their  number 
shall  be  greatly  reduced.  It  is  a  common  practice,  as  Mr. 
Hall  stjites,  after  certain  periods  of  growth,  not  to  leave  more 
than  one  out  of  five  of  trees  originally  planted.  The  best  park 
plantations  in  the  world  (by  which  I  mean  the  healthiest, 
sturdiest,  longest  lived,  and  most  agreeable  in  natural  aspect), 
have  been  obtained  in  this  way. 

The  condition  of  the  older  plantations  in  Golden  Gate  Park 
has  now  become  such,  through  neglect  of  the  timely,  con- 
tinuous and   gradual  thinning   originally  intended,  that   very 


26 

many  coinparatlvely  large  trees  have  to  be  cut  out,  and  in 
many  places  the  older  groups  cannot  be  judiciously  treated 
without  temporarily  injuring  their  appearance.  If  to  avoid 
such  momentary  apparent  injury  the  neglect  is  allowed  to  con- 
tinue, the  trees  will  soon  be  ruined ;  that  is  to  say,  the  major- 
ity will  come  to  a  miserable,  lingering  death,  and  those  .sur- 
viving, instead  of  presenting  agreeable  and  effective  masses  of 
foliage,  will  be  awkward,  gawky,  semi-detached  trees.  The 
purposes  with  which  the  plantations  have  been  started,  both 
as  to  effects  of  scenery  and  effects  of  bodily  comfort  for  those 
visiting  the  park,  will  then  be  attainable  only  by  cutting  the 
old  trees  away  altogether,  and  starting  again  with  new  plan- 
tations to  be  better  managed. 

In  conclusion,  let  me  counsel  you,  in  general  terms,  to  remem- 
ber that  your  Park  is  not  for  today,  but  for  all  time— so  long 
as  you  have  a  city.     Its  development  is  an  interesting  problem, 
no  longer  obscure,  to  be  sure,  but  yet  to  be  studied  in  a  careful 
and   sustained   manner.      You  have  your  present  population 
to  satisfy  and  please.     It  is  an  intelligent  population,  beyond 
a  doubt,  and  possessed  of  a  high  appreciation  of  good  results. 
But  it  is  to  be  expected  that  future  populations  will  be  more 
intelligent  and  more  appreciative.    The  art  of  landscape  archi- 
tecture is  a  specialty  which,  in  its  exercise,  peculiarly  demands 
a  forecast  of  the  future.     The  materials   of  the  work  them- 
selves o-row  and  are  progressive.      To  work  with  them  demands 
sustained  observation  and  intelligent  making  of  deductions.     I 
hope  that  Golden  Gate  Park  may  have  these.     It  has  been  the 
ruination  of  many  such  grounds  to  have  them  pass  rapidly 
under  successive  managements.     The  artistic  direction  of  work 
on  such  grounds  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  continuous  when 
once  found  fitting.     It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  the  public 
will  understand  the  necessity  for  and  object  of  much  that  is 
done  on  such  works.     To  do  your  duty,  you  will  often  have  to 
sanction  apparently  reckless  destruction  of  some  present  re- 
sult.     Such    grounds    are   developed    as  to  details,  by   stages 
6f  growth.     When  the  time  comes,  one  stage  must   give   way 

to  the  next. 

Youis  respectfully, 

Frederick  Law  Olmsted. 


Report  of  Mr.  John  McLaren, 

Landscape  Gardener. 


San-  Mateo,  Sept.  25,  1886. 
R.  P.  Hammond,  Jk. 

President  Board  Park  Commissioners^  San  Francisco^  Cal. 

Sir  : — In  compliance  with  your  request,  I  have  examined  the 
forest  tree  plantations  at  the  Golden  Gate  Park,  and  now  give  you 
ray  opinion  of  their  condition,  and  of  the  best  methods  of  improv- 
ing them. 

I  find  the  older  plantations — composed  principally  of  pine,  cy- 
press and  eucalyptus — in  very  bad  condition,  which  is  the  result 
of  neglect  in  thinning.  They  were  planted  thick  for  various  rea- 
sons, but  have  been  allowed  to  stand  as  planted  until  the  lower 
branches  have  died  off,  and  the  trees  spindled  up  to  thin  Stems. 
Also,  where  near  the  drives  or  walks,  the  branches  of  pines  and 
cypress  have  been  trimmed  in  to  keep  them  out  of  the  way,  and 
have  thus  been  killed  to  the  stem.  All  this  results  in  a  stiff  and 
stubbed  appearance,  and  in  weak  trees,  very  far  removed  from 
the  rich,  vigorous  foliage,  branches,  and  trunks  which  the  trees 
would  have,  had  they  been  properly  attended  to  during  the  past 
ten  years.  Unless  they  receive  immediate  attention  they  will  be 
past  recovery.  I  have  seen  whole  acres  of  conifers  die  off  in  a 
single  year,  from  these  causes,  that  were  in  very  little  worse  con- 
dition than  are  these  old  plantations  now  at  the  Park. 

Now,  as  to  what  to  do,  to  better  the  condition  of  these  planta- 
tions :  In  the  first  })lace,  I  would  do  just  as  you  are  doing  now, 
that  is,  taking  off  all  dead  branches  and  limbs,  cutting  out  all  dy- 
ing or  sickly  trees,  all  deformed  or  leaning  trees  liable  to  fall  or  to 
injure  others  in  any  way,  and  then  treat  the  surface  to  some  good 
top  dressing  to  enrich  the  soil,  and  encourage  a  vigorous  spring 
growth  next  season.         *  *  *  ♦  *  ♦ 

##**  **  *♦« 

Beyond  this  point,  it  is  very  difficult  to  determine  how  to  treat 
plantations  that  have  been  neglected  in  thinning,  as  have  the  older 
groups  at  the  Park.  The  first  thing  I  would  do  would  be,  to  se- 
lect and  mark,  after  a  careful  examination  of  each  group,  the 


28 

strongest  and  most  promising  specimens,  to  remain  as  the  perma- 
nent  trees,  at  proper  distances  apart  when  fully  developed.  All 
others  should  be  pruned  away  or  cut  out  from  time  to  time  as  in- 
spection would  show  to  be  necessary,  to  insure  a  proper,  vigorous 
growth  of  these  permanent  trees,  whose  lower  branches  should  be 
preserved  as  long  as  possible,  and  which  should  be  kept  clear 
enough  on  all  sides  to  promote  full  and  even  development  all 
around.  Where  neglected  for  so  long  a  time,  thinning  must  be 
carefully  carried  forward.  These  plantations  will  have  to  be  gone 
over  a  number  of  times.  Do  not  overdo  it  at  first.  For  although 
there  are  four,  five,  or  six  times  as  many  trees  in  the  groups  as 
there  ought  to  be,  the  surplus  ones  must  be  removed  from  time  to 
time,  as  the  others  spread  their  branches  to  close  the  gaps.  The 
question  is  one  to  be  continuously  studied  on  the  ground,  from 
month  to  month,  and  from  year  to  year.  I  should  say  that  many 
groups  will  bear  cutting  this  year,  as  many  as  one  tree  out  of  three 
or  four.  And  on  the  average  the  older  plantations  should,  be  re- 
lieved at  once  of  one  tree  in  every  five.  Remember  you  have  four 
or  five  times  as  many  trees  as  your  soil  will  mature,  and  as  the 
air  space  above  will  admit  of  spreading  in  these  groups.  They 
have  been  so  long  neglected  that  you  can  not  hope  to  reduce  them 
to  the  proper  number,  but  certainly  within  the  next  few  years  you 
must  get  rid  of  at  least  half,  if  you  want  any  desirable  trees  left 
at  the  end  of  the  next  ten  years.  As  it  is,  it  is  a  bad  job,  and  you 
can  only  hope  to  prevent  further  ruin,  but  not  to  entirely  remedy 
that  which  now  is  so  painfully  apparent  to  any  one  who  knows 
about  trees  and  their  cultivation. 

As  a  rule,  of  course,  take  out  the  poorest  trees ;  but  it  may  be 
necessary  to  sacrifice  one  of  the  best  in  order  to  save  two  not 
quite  so  good  but  better  spaced  and  more  fitting  in  the  group. 
Sometimes  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  out  several  in  order  to 
give  light,  and  air,  and  root  space  to  one  good  tree.  In  such  cas- 
es, the  point  to  be  guarded  against  is  not  to  expose  it  too  sudden- 
ly to  the  winds,  else  it  blow  over  before  it  has  thrown  out  roots 
to  accommodate  itself  to  its  new  condition.  To  be  thus  guarded, 
you  will  have  to  do  some  temporary  work  in  trimming  trees  one 
year  which  you  intend  to  cut  out  a  year  or  two  later,  thus  effect- 
ing a  gradual  removal. 

Groups  of  such  trees  in  this  State  have  to  be  gone  over  and 
thinned  every  year  until  they  are  fifteen  or  twenty  years  old,  be- 
cause of  their  rapid  development.  In  Great  Britain  and  in  the 
Eastern  States,  tmce  every  three  years  generally  suffices. 


29 

The  trees  in  some  of  tlie  giou]i8  are  so  fur  gone  that  they  can- 
not be  saved  to  good  purpose.  Better  cut  out  spaces  within  such 
groups  and  around  the  margins,  fertilize  the  soil  well,  trench  it 
over,  plant  new  trees,  and  as  they  grow,  in  the  course  of  four  or 
five  years,  cut  away  the  balance  of  the  old  ones  in  the  group. 

Other  groups  can  be  closed  around  by  younger  trees  about  the 
margins,  and  thus  in  course  of  a  few  years,  if  properly  attended 
to,  they  can  be  brought  back  to  a  vigorous  appearance,  but  they 
will  always  be  hollow,  from  the  interior  trees  having  lost  their 
lower  branches  and  acquired  a  slim  growth  of  long  trunks. 

I  have  now,  and  have  had  for  twelve  years  past,  the  charge  of 
the  plantations  on  one  of  the  largest  estates  in  San  Mateo  county, 
and  have  several  hundred  acres  in  forest  and  ornamental  tree 
growths.  My  practice  has  been  to  plant  thick,  and  thin  as  soon 
as  the  trees  showed  the  slightest  indication  of  interfering  with 
each  other.  The  result  has  been  most  satisfactory.  Where  this 
work  hSs  been  neglected,  the  result  has  been  disastrous.  It  is  a 
rule  which  to  ray  own  knowledge  is  practiced  throughout  Scot- 
land, where  forestry  is  a  well  understood  art,  and  I  believe  every- 
where else  that  the  subject  is  studied  from  either  an  economical 
or  landscape  point  of  view. 

There  are  trees  standing  in  the  groups  at  the  Park  at  intervals 
of  four  to  twelve  feet,  which  should  hp.  at  least  thirty  feet  apart 
at  their  present  age  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  years.  In  other  words, 
enough  should  have  been  cut  out  during  the  past  ten  years  to  have 
left  thirty-foot  spaces  between  those  remaining.  Had  this  been 
done,  you  would  have  better  protection  from  the  winds  than  you 
have  today,  and  you  would  have  permanent,  vigorous  trees,  in- 
stead of  weak  things  liable  to  blow  over,  or  die  within  the  next 
few  years. 

Take  care  that  your  younger  plantations  are  not  thus  neglected. 

Your  groups  of  five  to  ten  years  of  age  now  want  thinning  badly, 

and  if  the  work  is  promptly,  judiciously,  and  continuously  carried 

forward,  you  can  save  them  almost  entirely  from  the  fate  of  those 

of  older  growth. 

Respectfully  yours, 

John  McLaren, 

Landscape  Gardener. 


Extracts  from  Letters 

Found  of  Record  in  the  Files  of  the  Board  of  Park 
Connnnissioners. 


From  the  record  it  appears  that  Mr.  Hall  was,  as  engineer  and  super- 
intendent, from  time  to  time,  during  the  years  1870  to  1876,  in  profession- 
al correspondence  with  Mr.  Olmsted,  concerning  the  development  of  a 
plan  for  and  the  improvement  of  Golden  Gate  Park ;  and  the  copies  of 
his  reports  were  sent  to  Messrs.  Olmsted  &  Vaux,  landscape  architects, 
who,  in  those  years,  had  charge  of  the  improvement  of  the  New  York 
Central  and  the  Brooklyn  Prospect  Parks.  This  correspondence  was  pro- 
fessional, and  not  based  on  personal  acquaintance  or  friendship. 

Soon  after  receiving  a  copy  of  the  first  biennal  report,  in  l{f72,  Mr. 
Olmsted,  for  himself  and  partner,  wrote  a  long  letter  of  advice,  from 
which  the  following  is  the  opening  paragraph. 

"  We  have  much  interest  in  examining  your  plans,  in  which  we  recog- 
nize many  well  devised  elements.  No  more  difficult  problem  has  prob- 
ably ever  been  presented  in  our  profession  than  that  involved  in  the  San 
Francisco  Park  undertaking.  The  responsibility  of  forming  a  plan  for  it 
is  a  much  greater  one  than  that  which  we  met  in  the  Central  Park  or  any 
other  work." 

Two  years  later,  in  1874,  on  the  receipt  of  a  copy  of  the  second  bien- 
nial report  of  the  engineer  and  superintendent  of  Golden  Gate  Park,  Mr. 
Olmsted  wrote  as  follows  : 

' '  I  have  received  and  read  with  great  interest  your  second  biennial  re- 
port to  the  Park  Commissioners.         *         «         «         » 

' '  You  will  not  think  it  presuming  if  I  frankly  advise  you  of  the  im- 
pressions made  upon  my  mind  by  this  document. 

"  I  have  been  inclined  to  regard  the  attempt  to  prepare  a  large  city 
park  on  the  site  given  you  for  that  purpose  an  ill  considered  one.  * 

"  I  must  now  say,  however,  that  I  feel  much  more  confidence  than  1 
have  hitherto  been  able  to  do,  that  if  you  are  allowed  to  continue  your 
work,  and  are  adequately  sustained,  the  thorough  study,  good  taste,  and 
sound  judgment  which  appear  to  me  manifest  in  your  papers  and  plans, 
will  certainly  produce  results  of  striking  interest  and  value. 

' '  Cutting  yourself  completely  clear  of  the  traditions  of  Europe  and  the 
East,  and  shaping  your  course  in  details  by  no  rigorously  predetenuined 
design,  but  as  you  find  from  year  to  year  that  nature  is  leading  you  on, 
you  will,  I  feel  sure,   be  able  to   give  San  Francisco  a  pleasure  ground 


31 

adapted  to  the  peculiar  wants  of  her  people,  with  a  scenery  as  unusual  in 
parks  as  the  conditions  social,  climatic,  and  of  the  soil,  to  which  your  de- 
sign is  re<iuirecl  to  be  accommodated. 

"If  1  had  any  influence  with  your  principals,  I  would  use  it  to 
strentfthen  them  in  a  disposition  to  let  you  follow  a  perseveringly  tenta- 
tive and  experimental  policy  in  respect  to  elements  of  scenery,  and  espec- 
ially to  secure  sustained  and  multiplied  tests  of  the  adaptation  of  plants  to 
the  many  peculiar  combinations  of  conditions  in  which  you  are  required 
to  secure,  over  great  open  spaces,  rich,  constant,  and  varied  verdure. 

' '  I  heartily  congratulate  you  on  the  success  which  has  thus  far  attend- 
ed your  studies,  and  on  your  good  prospect  of  accomplishing  more  than, 
with  my  limited  knowledge  of  the  local  conditions,  I  have  hitherto 
thought  practicable." 

Still  again,  two  years  later,  in  1876,  on  receipt  of  the  third  biennial 
printed  report,  Mr.  Olmsted  wrote  as  follows  : 

"  Since  I  wrote  you  this  morning,  I  have  received  your  third  biennial 
report,  and  have  read  it  with  great  interest.  I  cannot  too  strongly  ex- 
press my  a,dmiration  of  the  spirit  and  method  which  characterizes  your 
undertaking,  and  I  do  not  doubt  that  it  will  be  rewarded  with  results  such 
as  I  have  not  hitherto  thought  it  reasonable  to  expect  under  the  circum- 
stances. There  is  no  like  enterprise  anywhere  else,  which,  so  far  as  I 
can  judge,  has  been  conducted  with  equal  foresight,  ingenuity,  and  econ- 
omy." 


University  of  California  Library 
Los  Aisles 

This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  be|gw. 


-9188 


Renew 


Phone 
310/82^ 

RIQM-REniBVABLE 

OCT  2  5  2004 
DUE  2  WKS  FROM  OAllE  RECEtVED 

UCLA  ACCESS  SEf^VICEq 

'1630  University 
^3  «  95  J  575 
!-s  Angeles  Ta 


W«J^ 


i(^2m. 


Research  Library 
''095  7575 


OBOl02m 


^sss^ms/m 


^^  ^tfS^a,.'^ 


Sou 
Lit 


